The Bartter syndrome If one of the transporters in the ascending limb of Henle’s loop fails due to a loss-of-function mutation, the so-called Bartter syndrome takes place. Thereby, resorption of Na+, Mg2+, Cl–and Ca2+ is disturbed. Although this can be partially or even completely reversed in later sections, it is associated with increased K+ and H+ secretion. Signs are Na+– and…
Granulosa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus produce the enzyme renin. It proteolytically cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, which is hydrolyzed by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to angiotensin (Ang) II. A rise in ANG II leads to the production of aldosterone in the cortex of the adrenal gland. The system serves to maintain blood pressure and can sense drops as small…
The SARS-Cov-2 The SARS-Cov-2 virus belongs to the family of coronaviruses, positive-stranded RNA viruses that are characterized by a spherical shape, which provides them the typical “crown” appearance. These viruses were first identified in the mid-1960s and classified into four distinct subfamilies: ??/??/??/?-Coronavirus. Alpha and beta-coronaviruses mainly infect mammals Gamma and delta-coronaviruses are more inclined…
Location of the kidney (This is important to keep in mind, in case you get a question involving trauma. You must know the relations and spinal level of each organ) The kidneys are located high in the abdominal cavity, one on each side of the spine. There are three distinct regions of the kidney: the…
Functions of the kidney Waste management 1-Excretion of wastes Every day, the kidneys process about 200 liters of blood to filter out about 2 liters of waste products and extra water and recycle necessary substances. The waste and extra water become urine, which flows to the bladder through tubes called ureters. The bladders stores urine…